Blog assignment 2.
Topics. 1. Alliance for Progress 2. Neoliberalism 3. The American Century 4. Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) 5. Populism 6. Liberation Theology
People. 1. Juan Peron 2. Evo Morales 3. Hugo Chavez 4. Augusto Pinochet 5. Ernesto Cardenal 6. Che Guevara
Directions. Briefly research the basic meaning and contents of the 6 topics above. Then do the same for the 6 people. Then find a relationship between one of the topics and one of the people. As a comment in the blog, explain the content of the topic, identify the individual, and describe the relationship you have discovered between the topic and the person.
Here is an example using a different topic and person than those in the list.
Topic – Sandinismo (English—Sandinism) Person – Daniel Ortega
Sandinismo is a social and political movement that arose after the assassination of Augusto Sandino in 1934. Sandino had been a Nicaraguan rebel who fought successfully in the late 1920s and early 1930s against U.S. Marines occupying the country. Invited to peace talks in Februay 1934, Sandino was betrayed and assassinated. The movement that carries his name lingered in Nicaragua for forty years until the start of a revolution in the 1970s that overthrew the U.S. sponsored dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza. Danial Ortega was fighter in the Sandinista revolution. He rose through the military ranks of the Sandinista army and upon their successful overthrow of the Somoza government, Ortega became a ruling member of the revolutionary Sandinista government. Since then he has been elected president of Nicaragua three times. The core of Ortega’s official ideology derives from the principles of anti-Americanism developed by Augusto Sandino now called Sandinismo.
Topic-Liberation theology
ReplyDeletePerson-Ernesto Cardenal
Liberation theology is a Christian movement in political theology which interprets the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions. It has been described by proponents as “an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor’s suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor.” Although liberation theology has grown into an international and inter-denominational movement, it began as a movement within the Roman Catholic church in Latin America in the 1950s-1960s. Liberation theology arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty caused by social injustice in that region. Ernesto Cardenal is a Nicaraguan Catholic priest and was one of the most famous liberation theologians of the Nicaraguan Sandinistas, a party he has since left. From 1979 to 1987 he served as Nicaragua’s first culture minister. He is also famous as a poet. Cardenal was also the founder of the primitivist art community in the Solentiname Islands, where he lived for more than ten years (1965-1977).
Topic - Populism
ReplyDeletePerson - Hugo Chavez
Populism is an ideology that addresses the needs of normal citizens, usually by means of governmental reform. Populist leaders attempt to make themselves accessible to their people; essentially, a populist government is meant to exist completely for, but not by, the people. Instead, most governments with populist influence are overseen by one authoritarian power, though his actions must strive to please the people of the country. This may be opening the door for fascism, as the authoritarian leader usually makes changes based on the wishes of the people without the consent of other governmental institutions. A perfect example of populism is Hugo Chavez. Chavez is the 61st president of Venezuela and is often regarded as a populist leader, though he adamantly refuses to acknowledge himself as such. In his first term serving as president, Chavez completely reformed the Venezuelan Constitution, providing many rights, including food and education, that the entire public had not been entitled to before. Chavez has also used redistribution from oil sales to aid the working poor in his country.
Topic: Neoliberalism
ReplyDeletePerson: Evo Morales
Evo Morales was elected president of Bolivia in 2005. He herded llamas as a boy, and after going to high school and serving in the Bolivian army, he moved to a farm with his family where they grew coca. Morales then became very active in the regional coca-growers union, eventually founding a national political party, the leftist Movement Toward Socialism. Morales strongly supported efforts to rewrite the Bolivian constitution, enshrining his policies of nationalization and land redistribution. Neoliberalism is a political orientation originating in the 1960s. Neoliberalism blends liberal political views with an emphasis on economic growth. Evo Morales and neoliberalism are connected because Morales did not want to obey neoliberal laws once he was elected. He was elected for a second term in office in December 2009. Morales wanted Bolivia to advance toward “communitarian socialism”. Morales did not want anything to do with the neoliberalism government that Bolivia previously had.
Topic – Liberation Theology Person – Ernesto Cardenal
ReplyDeleteErnesto Cardenal is a Nicarguan Catholic priest and was one of the most famous liberation theologians of the Nicaraguan Sardinistas, a party he has since left. Liberation Theology is a Christian movement in political theology which interprets the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of liberation from unjust economic, political or social conditions. It has been described by proponents as an “interpretation of Christian faith through the poor’s suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith. Ernesto was Nicaragua’s first culture minister and was also a poet. He became an ordained Catholic Priest in 1965 in Granada. He went to the Solentiname Islands where he founded a Christian, almost monastic, mainly peasant community, which eventually led to the founding of the artists’ colony.
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ReplyDeleteTopic - Liberation Theology
ReplyDeletePerson - Ernesto Cardenal
Ernesto Cardenal was Nicaragua’s first culture minister. He served in the position from 1979 to 1987. Cardenal is associated with the libertarian theory. As a Catholic priest, cultural minister and liberation theologian he promoted oppression through a revitalization of culture. On example of taking religious material and applying it to present day was Father Cardenal work with biblical literature. He reworked Psalms into a work called Salmos 1967. He took the work and moved it into the present. Much of the work of liberation theologians was guided by the Second Vatican Council. Vatican II changed created an atmosphere that fostered creativity and freedom. This allowed leaders such as Ernesto Cardenal to emerge and tie together religion, rights, freedom and creativity to bring about social change.
-G. Gonzalez
Topic – Populism
ReplyDeletePerson – Juan Peron
Populism is defined as an ideology or a political philosophy. A common theme in populism compares "the people" against "the elite", and urges social and political system changes. It can be identified as any political discourse that appeals to the general mass of the population regardless of class distinctions and political partisanship (Digital History, 2011). Juan Peron was an Argentine General and diplomat who was elected to serve as President of Argentina on three occasions (1946, 1951 and 1973). His policies were mostly populist and tended to favor the working classes (Wikipedia, 2011). Traditional populists, such as Juan Peron, were nationalists who bypassed the traditional ruling elite and formed new movements of previously nonexistent voters. Juan Peron acquired a large part of the vote by appealing to new masses of urban industrial workers in Argentina. The roots of populist anti-Americanism grew during this period in Latin American history as the states created government-run industries that resulted in a large industrial and unionized middle class. The programs of state intervention were vital to building domestic economic independence since, until this time period, Latin American economies were reliant upon American companies, and international economic activity was based almost entirely on exporting raw material goods to the United States and Europe (Lance, 2012).
References:
Digital History. (2011). The Political Crisis of the 1890s: Populism. Retrieved from: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=157
Lance, J. (2012). Populism and Anti-Americanism in Modern Latin America. Retrieved from: http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/origins/article.cfm?articleid=1&articlepage=2&altcontent=no
Wikipedia. (2011) Juan Perón. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n
Topic-Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)
ReplyDeletePerson- Juan Peron
Juan Peron became President of Argentina in 1943 after a coup of the civilian government. He was most recognized for his movements for industrial workers. These movements brought about pay increases and benefits for the workers along with reformation for Argentina as a whole. Peron dropped anti-United States views and took a stance that was between capitalism and communism. Import Substitution Industrialization is when countries don't import as many consumer goods, but instead import goods that will be useful in technological advances and equipment to make nations more industrial and self reliant. It also placed higher taxes on imports that could be manufactured within the country. Juan Peron and ISI are related because as Peron was pushing Argentina toward industrialism, ISI was being implemented. Peron wanted to see Argentina succeed in the industrial world so he supported labor unions and implemented taxes on many products. He used ISI as a base for his nation to take off in the industrial sense.
Topic- Neoliberalism
ReplyDeletePerson- Evo Morales
Neoliberalism is a political movement that was started in the 1960s. Its basis is on economic growth and global trade that would benefit all nations equally. This movement is to make trade easier and it was meant to maximize profits. It involves individualism and making more things a individual responsibility. It also involves the privatization of public enterprise. Evo Morales has been the President of Bolivia since 2006. He was raised in a Aymara family where he helped his parents as a subsistence farmer growing coca. He is currently a leader for the Movement for Socialism party and the cocalero trade union. He has implemented a new constitution and many reforms opposing United States. Morales had other goals in mind when he became president. He was not a fan of neoliberalism and there is many questions as to if he will end it. His plans are in fact going against neoliberalism and he made new contracts with different companies to try to end it.
Topic: Populism People: Che Guevara
ReplyDeleteIn 1956 Guevara, Castro and eighty other men and women arrived in Cuba in an attempt to overthrow the government of General Fulgencio Batista. This group became known as the July 26 Movement. The plan was to set up their base in the Sierra Maestra mountains. On the way to the mountains they were attacked by government troops. By the time they reached the Sierra Maestra there were only sixteen men left with twelve weapons between them. For the next few months Castro's guerrilla army raided isolated army garrisons and were gradually able to build-up their stock of weapons. When the guerrillas took control of territory they redistributed the land amongst the peasants. In return, the peasants helped the guerrillas against Batista's soldiers. In some cases the peasants also joined Castro's army, as did students from the cities and occasionally Catholic priests. This is known as Populism a political strategy based on a calculated appeal to the interests or prejudices of ordinary people. The people were fed up and they wanted to make a change a Che Guevara helped them carry out that change no matter what.
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ReplyDeleteTopic: Populism Person: Evo Morales
ReplyDeletePopulism can be defined briefly as “political ideas and activities that are intended to represent ordinary people's needs and wishes.” It is a political ideology that focuses on raising the status of common laborers by implementing political and social system changes. Evo Morales was born into a low class, farming family. After earning a degree, he returned to this lifestyle but soon became involved in social organizations aimed at giving more rights and wealth to the indigenous people of Bolivia. These organizations gained support from the common people of the country and eventually led to Evo Morales being elected to President of Bolivia in 2005 and again in 2009. Clearly the life that he was born into has allowed him to identify with the common people of his country and allowed his populist ideals to drive his political life and make him the successful world leader that he is today.
Topic: Liberation Theology
ReplyDeletePerson: Ernesto Cardenal
Liberation Theology is a Christian movement in political theology which interprets the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions. Ernesto Cardenal, after becoming a priest, founded a Christian peasant community, which eventually led to the founding of the artist's colony. Liberation Theology is based on interpretations of the teachings of Jesus as focused on the liberation of oppressed peoples--the poor, racial/ethic minorities, women, and even religious minorities (of course Jesus was apart of a repressed religious minority). Ernestos service to the poor was certainly an expression of this theology. Not only was he a priest but he also wrote poetry. In this poetry he displayed the workings of Liberation Theology by embedding past beliefs of religion and putting it into present terms.
Topic; Populism Leader; Juan Pero
ReplyDeletePopulism serves as the popular demand. This political ideology often times compares the normal people the elite members of the society. Often times populism takes place when a need or and urge for a political change. The change often times ends up to be radical with one person taking complete control. This authority figure must attempt to do what pleases or is “popular” among the people in the Populist country or area. Juan Pero was the best and most key example out of all the names of a Populist leader. Juan Pero massive nationalist idea’s and thoughts led to him being selected to be the President of Argentina. He received must of his popularity from the “normal” people of society in the working class of Argentina. Being a nationalist Juan Pero was very inventive in creating businesses and jobs for the Argentinian people. This resulted in many businesses to be run by the government. Juan Pero was very popular in his time as the Populist leader of Argentina.
Topic – Neoliberalism Person: Augusto Pinochet
ReplyDeleteNeoliberalism is a concept of extending economic freedoms by way of trade and policy. This concept was brought into Chile by the “Chicago Boys” in the 1950’s called the Ladrillo (or Brick) and was not accepted until after the 1970’s. In 1973, the 1”973 Chilean coup d'état” brought Augusto Pinochet to power. Pinochet used the ideas as the foundation of his economic policy. The three main objectives of this policy were: economic liberalization, privatization of state owned companies, and stabilization of inflation. This new economic approach (Neoliberalism) has been referred to as the “Miracle of Chile” by Milton Friedman, due to the implemented economic reforms, including currency stabilization, tariff cutting, opening Chile's markets to global trade, curbing union power, privatizing social security, and the privatization of hundreds of state-controlled industries. These policies stayed in tact through out Pinochet’s reign in Chile as their 30th President.
Topic: Populism
ReplyDeletePerson: Hug Chavez
Populism is described as an ideology and political thinking that deal with the people, specifically the "regular Joes" It's a philosophy that generally thinks about the society and making changes according to the people. Populist leaders tend to change things in favor of the people, like education, and labor. Hugo Chavez is the 61st President of Venezuela. He was first the leader of the Fifth Republic Movement political but then changed to United Socialist Party of Venezuela. Although he refused to call himself a populist, Chavez did things in his presidency like changing the constitution, and focusing on things like food, human rights, economy and social policy.
Topic – Populism and Juan Peron
ReplyDeletePopulism is the idea that the government should be run to the benefit of the majority of the population, rather than the government running things to their benefit and letting the population suffer. It is often viewed as the “working class” against the “elite”. It is a theory that we can relate to the “Occupy Wall Street” movement where the 99%er’s want change that will be positive for the 99% rather than the influential 1%. Juan Peron is a great example of a populist leader. He often looked out for the many rather than the few. Starting in the Argentine military at 16 years of age, he rose thru the ranks of the military becoming a very influential military leader. In the 1943, he was part of a group that overthrew then President Ramon Castillo and was awarded the Secretary of War and Secretary of Labor. As Labor Secretary, he enacted many reforms to the delight of the working class Argentinians. In 1944 he became Vice President, despite efforts to have Peron forced out of office by a few conservatives. The liberal masses protested, allowing him to keep his position. Peron became president in 1946 and enjoyed much success and continued adoration of the working people due to the changes he was making for their benefit, such as higher wages and limiting work hours in a day. He encountered problems from his more conservative followers during his second term as President, and was forced out by a military coup. Peron was in exile for 18 years, but he still had great influence over the people of Argentina. In fact, even though it was made illegal to support him in any way, the candidates he supported for public office often won their elections. He became so influential once again that liberals and conservatives alike were begging to have him back as their leader. He returned in 1973 and was easily elected President after Hector Campora, a place filler until Peron’s return, stepped down from the presidency. Peron died shortly after.
Topic: Liberation Theology
ReplyDeletePerson: Ernesto Cardenal
Liberation Theology is a Christian movement in political theology, which interprets the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions. Proponents have described it as "an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor's suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor. Ernesto Cardenal was a priest and went to the Solentiname Islands where he founded a Christian, almost monastic, mainly peasant community, which eventually led to the founding of the artists' colony. Liberation Theology and Ernesto are well matched up. Ernesto also wrote poetry that showed the theory behind liberation theology. He expressed past beliefs of religion and put it into present terms.
Topic: Populism Person: Juan Domingo Peron
ReplyDeletePopulism by definition is a member of a political party claiming to represent the common people. Populists are especially concerned about the high cost of money. Populist leaders called on the people to rise up, seize the reins of government, and tame the power of the wealthy and privileged. Populist speakers venerated farmers and laborers as the true producers of wealth and reviled blood-sucking wealthy class. The Populists accused big businesses of corrupting democracy and said that businessmen had little concern for the average American except as raw material used for production and profit. Juan Domingo Peron’s policies were mostly populist and tended to favor the working classes. In return, they embraced him and that led to Peron being one of the most influential Argentine politicians of his century. Peron served as an Argentine General and diplomat and after rising in the ranks he was elected to serve as President of Argentina in 1946, 1951, and 1973.
Topic: Liberation Theology
ReplyDeletePerson: Ernesto Cardenal
Liberation Theology is the movement to get rid of poverty by abolishing sin. It also connects the government to religion. The whole idea is to look at theology through the eyes of the poor and oppressed. Liberation theology represents action against poverty. It was common in the Roman Catholic Church. Ernesto Cardenal is a Catholic priest in Nicaragua. He was one of the most famous liberation theologians of the Nicaraguan Sandinistas (a political party in Nicaragua). Cardenal supported government and religion working together. He was even named a political leader in Nicaragua, Minister of Culture. Pope John Paul II visited him and reprimanded him for refusing to step down from his position in the government. The Pope left basically telling him he was on extremely thin ice.
Topic: Alliance for Progress
ReplyDeletePeople: Che Guevara
The Alliance for Progress was an economic and social plan to help the United States relationship with South America. President John F. Kennedy created The Alliance for Progress in 1960 with the main goals of increasing income, price stability, adult literacy, democratic governments, and overall economic and social reforms to South America. This aid is now looked at as a failure because the Latin American nations were not agreeable to the reform of their economy or social classes, and also because the amount of money was not enough to see significant changes. This topic relates to the Argentine revolutionary, Che Guevara, because he was a Marxist revolutionary who encouraged a big government society that runs all aspects of life and felt that the United States urge to spread democracy was wrong. Che felt programs like The Alliance for Progress and the invasion of Cuba, Bay of Pigs, helped make his revolution seem stronger than ever, because these “failures” made his form of government look better and did not spread democracy.
Topic- Liberation Theology
ReplyDeletePerson- Ernesto Cardenal
Liberation Theology is the belief that Christianity involves not only faith in the teachings of the Church but also a commitment to change social and political conditions from within in societies. It emphasizes the people being oppressed either by racial, sexual, economic, or political. The idea of this movement was to see through the eyes of the oppressed. Poverty is the big factor in the liberation theology. This practice was very common in the Roman Catholic Church. Ernesto Cardenal is a Nicaraguan Catholic priest and also a poet. He supported the conjoining of government and religion. He was also named Mister of Culture, a political leader for Nicaragua. In his poetry, Ernesto incorporates religion along with the Liberation theology and embeds them into a modern day poems.
Topic- Neoliberalism
ReplyDeletePerson- Augusto Pinochet
My topic, neoliberalism, is the contemporary form of economic liberalism. Economic liberalism is the belief that all people should be able to make their own financial choices and mistakes; it has a special emphasis on the private sector and allows for monopolies. Basically, a person that considers himself a neoliberal believes that the private sector role should be maximized; it will determine the future political and economic aspects in the world. Augusto Pinochet is the 30th president of Chile. When he came into office, in the 1970s, he supported the ideas of the booming "Chicago Boys". These "boys" were young Chilean economists that wanted liberal economic changes for Chile. Pinochet supported their platform which was centered around three main objectives: they wanted economic liberalization, they wanted state-operated institutions privatized, and finally, they wanted inflation stabilized.
Topic: Liberation theology
ReplyDeletePerson: Ernesto Cardenal
Liberation theology is a religious movement that began within the Roman Catholic Church in Latin America in the 1950s–1960s. It was a combination of political thinking with spirituality that was to translate the teachings and understanding of Jesus Christ within the Christian and Catholic faith through the observation of the struggles, suffering and hopes injustice economical, politically and socially of the less fortunate. The focus of this movement was to delivery freedom for all oppressed people. Ernesto Cardenal was a catholic priest and spiritual mentor whom attempted to integrate their religious and political views into a new ideology that became known as "liberation theology” in Central and South American. He also that served as Nicaragua’s first culture minister from 1979 to 1987. Ernesto cooperated with the Sandinista National Liberation Front, or FSLN), in working to overthrow Annastasio Somoza Debayle’s regime. Ernesto is a well-known Latin-American poet and voice for the political struggles of the Nicaraguan people. His poetry is a combination style that mixes political philosophy with spiritual reflection. His work criticizes the values and philosophy of modern capitalism in an effort to begin social change.